\[
- \ln \left( \tan \dfrac{\phi}{2} \right) = - \ln \left( \dfrac{\sin \phi}{1 + \cos \phi} \right) = \ln \left( \dfrac{1 + \cos \phi}{\sin \phi} \right) = \ln \left( \dfrac{1}{\sin \phi} + \dfrac{\cos \phi}{\sin \phi} \right)
\]
\[
= \ln \left( \csc \phi + \cot \phi \right)
\]
However, I recently was using this in an analysis, was checking some work, and noticed that:
\[
\ln \left( \tan \dfrac{\phi}{2} \right) = \ln \left( \dfrac{1 - \cos \phi}{\sin \phi} \right) = \ln \left( \csc \phi - \cot \phi \right)
\]
I looked up the formulas again and became quite confused.
The tangent half angle relations are:
\[ \tan \dfrac{\phi}{2} = \dfrac{1 - \cos \phi}{\sin \phi}\]
and
\[ \tan \dfrac{\phi}{2} = \dfrac{\sin \phi}{1 + \cos \phi}\]
So, I guess the relation is:
\[ \ln \left( \csc \phi - \cot \phi \right) = -\ln \left( \csc \phi + \cot \phi \right) \]
Yup, it is confirmed:
Links to the tangent half angle:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tangent_half-angle_formula
http://planetmath.org/encyclopedia/DerivationOfHalfAngleFormulaeForTangent.html
However, my problem originates to the integral of \( \csc^3 \phi \). This integral can be solved by (at least how I did it)
\[ \int \csc^3 \phi \mathrm{d} \phi \]
First, utilize integration by parts
\[ \mathrm{d}v = \csc^2 \phi \mathrm{d} \phi \]
\[ u = \csc \phi \]
\[ v = -\cot \phi \]
\[ \mathrm{d}u = - \csc \phi \cot \phi \mathrm{d} \phi \]
The formula for integration by parts is
\[ uv - \int v \mathrm{d}u \]
Substituting in the correct values gives
\[ -\csc \phi \cot \phi - \int \csc \phi \cot^2 \phi \mathrm{d} \phi \]
Using the trigonometric identity \( \cot^2 \phi = \csc^2 \phi - 1 \) transforms the relation to
\[ -\csc \phi \cot \phi - \int \csc \phi \left( \csc^2 \phi - 1 \right) \mathrm{d} \phi \]
Multiplying through we obtain
\[ -\csc \phi \cot \phi - \int \csc^3 \phi - \csc \phi \mathrm{d} \phi \]
Separating the RHS integrals produces
\[ -\csc \phi \cot \phi - \int \csc^3 \phi \mathrm{d} \phi + \int \csc \phi \mathrm{d} \phi \]
Recall that this whole relation is equal to \( \int \csc^3 \phi \mathrm{d} \phi \) which yields
\[ \int \csc^3 \phi \mathrm{d} \phi = -\csc \phi \cot \phi - \int \csc^3 \phi \mathrm{d} \phi + \int \csc \phi \mathrm{d} \phi \]
At first this seems counter-intuitive and does not seem to help. However, if you collect the integrals of \( \csc^3 \phi \) the equation becomes clearer as where to go next. So collecting the \( \csc^3 \phi \) integrals to the LHS, we obtain
\[ 2 \int \csc^3 \phi \mathrm{d} \phi = -\csc \phi \cot \phi + \int \csc \phi \mathrm{d} \phi \]
Then we can divide by two and evaluate the left hand side which gives us
\[ \int \csc^3 \phi \mathrm{d} \phi = \dfrac{1}{2} \left[ -\csc \phi \cot \phi + \int \csc \phi \mathrm{d} \phi \right] \]
Okay, so this is where my problem began. I've found two answers for this integral of \( \csc \phi \). The first is the same as the one I got by evaluating the integral of \( \csc \phi \)
\[ \int \csc^3 \phi \mathrm{d} \phi = \dfrac{1}{2} \left[ -\csc \phi \cot \phi - \ln | \csc \phi - \cot \phi | \right] \]
where
\[ \int \csc \phi \mathrm{d} \phi = - \ln | \csc \phi - \cot \phi | \]
according to:
http://www.math.com/tables/integrals/more/csc.htm
However, here:
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080225213623AAUQMz6, the answer is
\[ \int \csc \phi \mathrm{d} \phi = - \ln | \csc \phi + \cot \phi | \]
?? (I'll have to check these to make sure there isn't a mistake.
To make matters worse here:
http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20080623173220AAyRTys we get an answer for \( \int \csc^3 \phi \mathrm{d} \phi \) equal to
\[ \dfrac{1}{2} \left[ -\csc \phi \cot \phi + \ln | \csc \phi - \cot \phi | \right] \]
??? What the heck is going on?! (Again, when I get the time I will check these answers since the formulation is given. However, this does give the final answer I am looking for which is
\[ \dfrac{1}{2} \left \lbrace -\csc \phi \cot \phi + \ln \left[ \tan \left( \dfrac{\phi}{2} \right) \right] \right \rbrace \]
However again, the relation I first displayed above shows that
\[ \dfrac{1}{2} \left[ -\csc \phi \cot \phi - \ln | \csc \phi + \cot \phi | \right] \]
\[ = -\dfrac{1}{2} \left[ \csc \phi \cot \phi + \ln | \csc \phi + \cot \phi | \right] \]
\[ = -\dfrac{1}{2} \left[ \csc \phi \cot \phi - \ln | \csc \phi - \cot \phi | \right] \]
\[ = \dfrac{1}{2} \left[ -\csc \phi \cot \phi + \ln | \csc \phi - \cot \phi | \right] \]
So this tells me that the second link should be correct! The reason for this post originates to me trying to change the angle \( \phi \) from spherical polar coordinates to cylindrical polar coordinates \( \left( r, z \right) \) through the relation \( \phi = \tan \left( r/z \right) \)and \( R^2 = r^2 + z^2 \). Thus, I am posting this to keep myself from become confused!
